“A Goddess Movement in the Pacific? A Case Study of Robyn Kahukiwa and Patricia Grace’s Wāhine Toa (1984) and Sia Figiel’s Where We Once Belonged (1996)”
Résumé
Wāhine Toa and Where We Once Belonged encompass several 1960s/70s subversive movements, such as the pan-Polynesian literary movement, correlated to the Māori cultural revival in New Zealand, and the feminist literary, artistic movement which went hand in hand with the women’s rights movement. In this Chapter, the argument is that these two works fall within the scope of another movement, the Goddess Movement, or Goddess Spirituality, which emerged as an international feminine, feminist, neo-religious movement from the 1970s/80s onwards and impacted women of all faiths, origins and communities all around the world. Kahukiwa, Grace and Figiel have reactivated their ancestral native myths and revisited them from a woman’s perspective through the marginalisation of men and the use of female characters, autodiegetic female narrators and matrilineal filiation – notions belonging to the concept of thealogy or feminist theology developed by the founding mothers of the Goddess Movement. The gynocentric (re)telling of myths by women of Māori and Samoan origin was revolutionary, since Polynesian myths had been chiefly collected, written down and analysed by Western men – e.g. Elsdon Brest, Percy Smith, George Grey – who were products of the highly patriarchal Victorian value systems of their time. As Ani Makaere denounces in the Foreword to the 2018 edition of Wāhine Toa, these male writers redefined native myths from a Western, androcentric point of view, offering “negative portrayals of women within the creation narratives – portrayals that, in turn, had influenced popular explanation of tikanga.” She goes on to explain “it was truly alarming to reflect upon the extent to which the idea that tikanga consigned Māori women to a position of inferiority had become normalised, not only amongst Pākehā but amongst Māori as well.” Goddesses and women were relegated to an inferior position like women in British society of the time. In foregrounding, divinising and sacralising women, Kahukiwa, Grace and Figiel have deconstructed these Western, male conceptions reflected in renowned mythology works, and rejected patriarchal creation legends, in particular the Christian story.
