Time perspective was repeatedly evidenced as closely related to risky behaviors, and particularly substance use. From this research, future orientation appeared as a protective factor against substance use, whereas present time orientation was established as a risk factor. In this chapter, we review evidence of such a relation, but also highlight contradictory findings. When taking into account constructs related to self-regulation or risk perception, one may note that TP relation to health behaviors and substance use is more complex than expected. On the basis of recent studies, we then explore this complex relation and we propose some theoretical perspectives and a research agenda for a better understanding of-and for more efficient interventions on-substance and cannabis use behaviors.